The superior and inferior vena cava are the largest veins of the body. The inferior vena cava is formed by the junction of the common veins in the pelvis and ascends the abdomen to the right of the abdominal aorta and anterior to the vertebral column. It passes through the caval hiatus of the diaphragm and almost immediatley enters the inferior portion of the right atrium.

With the exception of the popliteus muscle; all the muscles arising from the lower leg are attatched to bones of the foot. The muscles of the lower leg, can be classified according to their location. They are divided into anterior and posterior groups by the tibia, fibula, and interosseous membrane. The two main groups are divided again into subgroups or layers. The anterior group can be subdivided into the extensor (located anteriorly) and peroneus groups (located laterally). The posterior group can be subdivided into  a superficial layer and a deep layer. Whereas the anterior group is primarily extensors, the posterior group is mainly flexors

The olfactory tracts run underneath the frontal lobe and connects to the amygdala. They bring information concerning the sense of smell to the limbic system.

The unrinary bladder is a pyramid shaped muscular organ that rests on the pelvic floor; immediatley posterior to the symphisis pubis. It functions as a temporary resevoir for the storage of urine. In normal adults and it takes approximatley 250 ml of urine to accumulate, before the urge to urinate is triggered. The baldder does have the potential for storing approximatley 750 ml. When empty the bladder had 4 surfaces (superior,posterior, and 2 inferolateral) and 4 angles (anterior,inferior, and 2 posterolateral). 

The transversospinal muscles is a deep layer of several short muscles. Located between the transverse and spinous processes of the vertebra. They are: The semispinalis muscles, the multifides muscles and the rotatores. All these muscles have the primary function to help flex and rotate the vertebral column.